《國民財富的性質(zhì)和原因的研究》，簡稱《國富論》，為亞當·斯密親赴歐洲各地考察，于1776年發(fā)表的一部改變?nèi)祟悮v史的創(chuàng)世巨著。他總結(jié)了近代各國資本主義的發(fā)展經(jīng)驗，批判地吸納了它之前的重要經(jīng)濟理論，對國民經(jīng)濟的運行過程做了系統(tǒng)的整體描述，是現(xiàn)代經(jīng)濟學的集大成之作。本書第一篇論述勞動、勞動產(chǎn)品分配到社會各階層的自然順序；第二篇論述資本的性質(zhì)、逐漸積累資本的方法及資本用途與其所推動的勞動量的關系；第三篇論述不同國家對于勞動的一般管理或指導的不同計劃及其原因；第四篇論述因管理勞動的計劃不同而引起的各種經(jīng)濟學說，并闡明這些學說所產(chǎn)生的重要影響；第五篇論述君主或國家的收入和開支。
總 序
書之成為經(jīng)典，乃人類在不同時代的思想、智慧與學術(shù)的結(jié)晶，優(yōu)秀文化之積淀，具有不隨時代變易的永恒價值。有道是讀書須讀經(jīng)典，這是智者的共識。
對于中外經(jīng)典著作中的思想表述，僅讀外文書的中譯本或文言著作的白話釋文是不夠的，尤其是當誤譯、誤釋發(fā)生的時候，讀者容易被誤導，或望文生義，或以訛傳訛，使原有的文化差異變成更深的文化隔閡。因此，在世界學術(shù)經(jīng)典（英文版）的選目中，大部分作品為英文原著；原作是其他語種的經(jīng)典，則選用相對可靠的英文譯本；至于中國古代經(jīng)典，則采用漢英對照的方式呈現(xiàn)，旨在向西方闡釋中國的思想和文化。其中，精選的中國經(jīng)典是整個系列的重要組成部分。有了這一部分的經(jīng)典，才真正體現(xiàn)出世界性。
以原典和英文方式出版，是為了使讀者通過研讀，準確理解以英文表達的思想、理論和方法，力求避免舛誤，進而通過批判和接受，化為智慧力量。這有利于思想的傳播，裨益于新思想的產(chǎn)生，同時亦可提高英語修養(yǎng)。
經(jīng)典名著的重要性是不言而喻的，但是以下幾點意義值得一再重申。
（一） 學術(shù)經(jīng)典提供思想源泉
兩千六百年來的世界學術(shù)經(jīng)典凝聚了人類思想的精華，世世代代的優(yōu)秀思想家以他們獨特的見識和智慧，留給后人取之不竭、用之不盡的思想源泉。從老子、孔子、柏拉圖、亞里士多德以降，天才輩出，思想閃光，精彩紛呈。思想界的大師、名家們在人類思想史傳統(tǒng)鏈條上的每一個環(huán)節(jié)，都啟發(fā)后人開拓新的思想領域，探究生命的本質(zhì)，直抵人性的深層。隨著人類思想的不斷成熟和完善，各個學科領域的理論從本體論、認識論、方法論、實踐論、價值論等維度不斷深化。后人繼承前人的思想，借經(jīng)典的滋養(yǎng)保持思想活力，豐富和發(fā)展前人的觀點，使之形成一波又一波的思想洪流，從而改變?nèi)说乃枷牒褪澜缬^，改變?nèi)祟惿鐣倪M程。歷史已經(jīng)證明：人類社會的進步，思想的力量大于一切。
（二） 學術(shù)經(jīng)典傳承精神力量
經(jīng)典名著中蘊含的人類精神，傳承的人類守望的共同價值原則和社會理想，在每一個具體領域里都有諸多豐富的表述，它們從整體上構(gòu)成了推動人類進步的精神力量。研習和傳承人類兩千六百多年來的優(yōu)秀思想，并將它化作求新求變的靈感，是人類文明的要義所在。僅有技術(shù)進步，還不足以表明人類的文明程度。
若無優(yōu)秀的思想底蘊，人類存在的意義將大打折扣。
中國思想傳統(tǒng)中的基本理念和西方思想傳統(tǒng)中的基本理念分別形成了東西方兩大具有普遍價值的道德觀念和價值系統(tǒng)。值得注意的是：（1） 這兩大道德系統(tǒng)應該是一個互補、互鑒的整體，兩者都不可偏廢，因為人類的思想是個多元整體。任何一個民族，缺少其中之一，在精神上都可能是不完整的；（2） 這些基本理念都不是抽象概念，它們都具有很強的實踐意義，并且必須由實踐來考察，否則就很難體現(xiàn)其價值。
精神傳承必然是一種自覺的過程，它靠習得，不靠遺傳，因此我們需要研讀經(jīng)典。
（三） 學術(shù)經(jīng)典構(gòu)成文化積淀
文化包含三大部分：（1） 思想與精神現(xiàn)象；（2） 制度與習俗；（3） 有形的事物。學術(shù)經(jīng)典是對思想與精神現(xiàn)象的歸納和提煉，對制度與習俗的探究和設計，對有形事物的形而上思考和描述。
每一個學科領域的經(jīng)典著作中都會提出一些根本性的問題，這些問題直面人的困惑，思考人類社會的疑難，在新思想和新知識中展現(xiàn)人類的智慧。當這些思想成果積淀下來，就構(gòu)成人類文化的主要組成部分。文化不只是制度或器物的外在形式，更重要的是凝結(jié)在其背后的精神與思想。
每一個學科的學術(shù)本身都要面對一些形而上的（超越性的、純理論性的）文化問題。在很多人看來，理性的思考和理論的表述都是很枯燥的，但是熱愛真理并且對思想情有獨鐘的人會從學術(shù)經(jīng)典的理論中發(fā)現(xiàn)無限生動的天地，從而產(chǎn)生獲得真理的快樂，這才是我們追求的真正文化。
大量閱讀經(jīng)典名著是一種學習、積累文化的根本方法，深度閱讀和深刻記憶能使文化積淀在人的身上，并且代代相傳。假如這一過程中斷了，人世間只剩下花天酒地、歌舞升平，文化也就湮滅了。
（四） 學術(shù)經(jīng)典推動社會進步
毫無疑問，凡屬學術(shù)經(jīng)典，都必須含有新的學術(shù)成果新思想、新理論、新方法，或者新探索。這樣的原創(chuàng)性學術(shù)成果越多，人類的思想就越深邃，視野越開闊，理論更全面、完美，方法更先進、有效，社會的進步才能獲得新的動力和保障。
人文主義推翻神學，理性主義旨在糾正人的偏激，啟蒙精神主張打破思想束縛，多元主義反抗絕對理念。各種新思想層出不窮，帶來了學術(shù)的進步，啟發(fā)并推動了更大的社會變革。這些原創(chuàng)思想在歷史長河中經(jīng)過漫長的時間考驗，成為經(jīng)典，在任何一種文明中都是社會進步和發(fā)展的動力。
當我們研讀完一部學術(shù)經(jīng)典，分析和歸納其原創(chuàng)的思想觀點時，可以很清晰地理解和感悟它在同時代的環(huán)境里對于社會的變革和進步有著何種意義，以及它對當下有哪些啟迪。
相比技術(shù)的發(fā)展，思想并不浮顯在社會的表層，它呈現(xiàn)在書本的字里行間，滲透于人的心智，在人的靈魂中閃光。每當社會需要時，它能讓我們看到無形的巨大力量。
溫故而知新。今日世界紛亂依舊，但時代已不再朦朧。人類思想史上的各種主張，在實踐中都已呈現(xiàn)清晰的面貌。當我們重新梳理各種思想和理論時，自然不會再返回到全盤接受或者全盤否定的幼稚階段。二十一世紀人類正確的世界觀、人生觀、價值觀需要優(yōu)秀思想傳統(tǒng)的支撐，并通過批判繼承，不斷推陳出新，滋衍出磅礴之推力。
我們所選的這些學術(shù)經(jīng)典，成書于不同的時代，代表了不同的思想與理論主張。有些著作帶有時代烙印，有其局限性或片面性；有些觀點不一定正確，但從另一個方面顯示出人類思想的豐富性和復雜性。各門學科建立、各種主張?zhí)岢鲋�，都曾�?jīng)在歷代思想的實驗場上經(jīng)受碰撞和檢驗，被接受或者被批判。我們的學者需要研讀這些書，而青年學生們的思想成長更需要讀這些書。當然，批評與分析是最有效和最有益的閱讀方法。
有鑒于此，我們希望世界學術(shù)經(jīng)典（英文版）能夠真正做到開卷有益，使我們自己在潛移默化中都成長為有思想、有理想、有品位的人。
上海時代教育出版研究中心
2018 年10 月
導讀
Introduction and Plan of the Work....................................................
Book One: Of The Causes Of Improvement In The Productive Powers Of Labour, And Of The Order According To Which Its Produce Is Naturally distributed among the different Ranks of the People…………………………………………….
Chapter I. Of the Division of Labour……………………………….
Chapter II. Of the Principle which gives occasion to the Division of Labour…………….
Chapter III. That the Division of Labour is limited by the Extent to the Market…………….
Chapter IV. Of the Origin and Use of Money………………………………………..
ChapterV. Of the Real and Nominal Price of Commodities, or their Price in Labour, and their Price in Money……………………………………….
ChapterVI. Of the Component Parts of the Price of Commodities……………………….
ChapterVII. Of the Natural and Market Price of Commodities……………………………
ChapterVIII. Of the Wages of Labour………………………………………………………..
Chapter IX. Of the Profits of Stock…………………………………………………………..
Chapter X. Of Wages and Profit in the different Employments of Labour and Stock……………
PART 1 Inequalities arising from the Nature of the Employments themselves………….
PART 2 Inequalities by the Policy of Europe……………………………………
Chapter XI. Of the Rent of Land.....................................................
PART 1 Of the Produce of Land which always affords Rent……………………………
PART 2 Of the Produce of Land which sometimes does, and sometimes does not, afford Rent……………………………………………………
PART 3 Of the Variations in the Proportion between the respective Values of that Sort of Produce which always affords Rent, and of that which sometimes does and sometimes does not afford Rent…………………………………..
Digression Concerning The Variations In The Value Of Silver
During The Course Of The Four Last Centuries.....................................
First Period..........................................................................................
Second Period......................................................................................
Third Period.......................................................................................
Variations In The Proportion Between The Respective Values………………….
Of Gold And Silver……………………………………………………………
Grounds Of The Suspicion That The Value Of Silver Still Continues To Decrease…….
Different Effects Of The Progress Of Improvement Upon Three Different Sorts Of Rude Produce…………………………….
First Sort……………………………………….
Second Sort..........................................................
Third Sort.............................................................
Conclusion Of The Digression Concerning The Variations In The Value Of Silver.........
Effects Of The Progress Of Improvement Upon The Real Price Of Manufactures...........
Conclusion Of The Chapter...................................
Book Two: Of the Nature, Accumulation, and Employment of Stock……………………….
Chapter I. Of the Division of Stock..................................................
Chapter II. Of Money Considered as a Particular Branch of the General Stock of the Society, or of the Expense of Maintaining the National Capital................
Chapter III. Of the Accumulation of Capital, or of Productive and Unproductive Labour………..
Chapter IV. Of Stock Lent at Interest......................................................
Chapter V. Of the Different Employment of Capitals...............................
Book Three: Of the Different Progress of Opulence in Different Nations.........................................
Chapter I. Of the Natural Progress of Opulence...................................................
Chapter II. Of the Discouragement of Agriculture in the ancient State of Europe after the Fall of the Roman Empire...........................
Chapter III. Of the Rise and Progress of Cities and Towns after the Fall of the Roman Empire........
Chapter IV. How the Commerce of the Towns Contributed to the Improvement of the Country........
Book Four: Of Systems of Political Economy..............................
Introduction........................................
Chapter I. Of the Principle of the Commercial, or Mercantile System..........................
Chapter II. Of Restraints upon the Importation from Foreign Countries of such Goods as can be produced at Home.........................................................................................
Chapter III. Of the extraordinary Restraints upon the Importation of Goods of almost all kinds from those Countries with which the Balance is supposed to be disadvantageous........
PART 1. Of the Unreasonableness of those Restraints even upon the Principles of the Commercial System……………………………………….
Digression Concerning Banks Of Deposit, Particularly Concerning That Of Amsterdam…………………………..
PART 2. Of the Unreasonableness of those extraordinary Restraints upon other Principles……………………………
Chapter IV. Of Drawbacks......................................................
Chapter V. Of Bounties..........................................................
DIGRESSION CONCERNING THE CORN TRADE AND CORN LAWS...................
Chapter VI. Of Treaties of Commerce........................................
Chapter VII. Of Colonies.............................................................
PART 1. Of the Motives for establishing new Colonies……………………..
PART 2. Causes of Prosperity of New Colonies......................................
PART 3. Of the Advantages which Europe has derived from the Discovery of America, and from that of a Passage to the East Indies by the Cape of Good Hope...................................
Chapter VIII. Conclusion of the Mercantile System......................................
Chapter IX. Of the Agricultural Systems, or of those Systems of Political Economy which represent the Produce of Land as either the sole or the principal Source of the Revenue and Wealth of every Country........................
Appendix..............................................................................................
Book Five: Of the Revenue of the Sovereign or Commonwealth........................................
Chapter I. Of the Expenses of the Sovereign or Commonwealth..............................................
PART1. Of the Expense of Defence........................................................
PART 2. Of the Expense of Justice.......................................................
PART3. Of the Expense of Public Works and Public Institutions............................
ARTICLE 1. Of the Public Works and Institutions for facilitating the Commerce of the Society……………………………
Of those which are necessary for facilitating Commerce in general..........
Of the Public Works and Institutions which are necessary for facilitating particular Branches of Commerce..............................
ARTICLE II. Of the Expense of the Institutions for the Education of Youth.............
ARTICLE III. Of the Expense of the Institutions for the Instruction of People of all Ages............................
PART 4. Of the Expense of Supporting the Dignity of the Sovereign.......................
CONCLUSION.............................................................
Chapter II. Of the Sources of the General or Public Revenue of the Society.................................
PART 1. Of the Funds or Sources of Revenue which may peculiarly belong to the Sovereign or Commonwealth......................................
PART 2. Of Taxes.......................................................................
ARTICLE I. Taxes upon Rent; Taxes upon the Rent of Land.................
Taxes which are proportioned, not to the Rent, but to the Produce of Land.................................................
Taxes upon the Rent of Houses................................................
ARTICLE II. Taxes on Profit, or upon the Revenue arising from Stock……..
Taxes upon the Profit of particular Employments................
Appendix to ARTICLES I and II. Taxes upon the Capital Value of Land, Houses, and Stock........................
ARTICLE III. Taxes upon the Wages of Labour...........................................
ARTICLEIV. Taxes which, it is intended, should fall in differently upon every different Species of Revenue................................
Capitation Taxes......................................
Taxes upon Consumable Commodities..................................
Chapter III. Of Public Debts.............................................
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