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幾何量精度設(shè)計與測量技術(shù)(第3版) 讀者對象:本書主要面向從事機(jī)械精度設(shè)計與檢測工作的讀者群體,可作為相關(guān)專業(yè)本科生教材,也可作為相關(guān)專業(yè)研究生的學(xué)習(xí)指導(dǎo)書,還可作為機(jī)械設(shè)計工程師的參考書。
本書以精度設(shè)計為主題,詳細(xì)闡述了精度設(shè)計作為機(jī)械設(shè)計的重要內(nèi)容在生產(chǎn)中的應(yīng)用。本書共11 章,主要內(nèi)容如下:緒論、孔和軸的尺寸精度設(shè)計、幾何精度設(shè)計、表面輪廓精度設(shè)計、測量技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)、滾動軸承精度設(shè)計、鍵與花鍵精度設(shè)計、螺紋精度設(shè)計、圓柱齒輪精度設(shè)計、圓錐配合精度設(shè)計、精度設(shè)計與精度分析。本書還結(jié)合計算機(jī)輔助精度分析軟件的應(yīng)用,介紹了精度設(shè)計與精度分析案例。
陳雪輝,男,工學(xué)博士,教授,碩士研究生導(dǎo)師;現(xiàn)擔(dān)任安徽建筑大學(xué)機(jī)電學(xué)院機(jī)械實(shí)驗(yàn)中心主任,是中國機(jī)械工程學(xué)會激光加工委員會委員、安徽省機(jī)械工程學(xué)會理事。主要從事數(shù)字化設(shè)計與制造技術(shù)、特種加工技術(shù)等方向的科學(xué)研究工作,近年來所屬科研團(tuán)隊(duì)在機(jī)械結(jié)構(gòu)零部件的優(yōu)化設(shè)計與智能制造、裝備系統(tǒng)的智能控制與檢測、機(jī)械工程裝備的動力學(xué)分析計算、激光精密加工技術(shù)以及金屬粉末材料增材制造(3D打印)技術(shù)等方面展開持續(xù)深入的研究。
目 錄
第1 章 緒論 ·················································································································.1 1.1 概述 ··················································································································.2 1.1.1 幾何量精度設(shè)計 ·························································································.2 1.1.2 測量技術(shù) ··································································································.2 1.1.3 本課程的學(xué)習(xí)要求 ······················································································.2 1.1.4 本課程特點(diǎn)及學(xué)習(xí)方法 ················································································.3 1.2 互換性與公差 ······································································································.3 1.2.1 互換性與公差的概念 ···················································································.4 1.2.2 互換性的作用 ····························································································.4 1.2.3 互換性的種類 ····························································································.5 1.3 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化與優(yōu)先數(shù)系 ································································································.5 1.3.1 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)與標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的概念 ···················································································.5 1.3.2 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的分類及代號 ······················································································.6 1.3.3 國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化簡介 ·························································································.8 1.3.4 優(yōu)先數(shù)系和優(yōu)先數(shù) ····················································································.11 本章小結(jié) ·················································································································.14 習(xí)題 ·······················································································································.14 第2 章 孔和軸的尺寸精度設(shè)計 ···················································································.15 2.1 概述 ················································································································.16 2.2 極限與配合的基本術(shù)語及定義 ···············································································.16 2.2.1 與要素有關(guān)的術(shù)語及定義 ···········································································.16 2.2.2 與尺寸有關(guān)的術(shù)語及定義 ···········································································.17 2.2.3 孔和軸的定義 ··························································································.18 2.2.4 與偏差和公差有關(guān)的術(shù)語及定義 ··································································.19 2.2.5 與配合有關(guān)的術(shù)語及定義 ···········································································.22 2.3 尺寸公差標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和基本偏差標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的構(gòu)成 ······································································.26 2.3.1 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)公差系列 ··························································································.26 2.3.2 基本偏差系列 ··························································································.28 2.3.3 孔和軸的常用公差帶與配合 ········································································.36 2.3.4 極限與配合在圖樣上的標(biāo)注 ········································································.37 2.4 孔和軸的配合精度設(shè)計 ························································································.39 2.4.1 配合制 ···································································································.39 2.4.2 公差等級 ································································································.40 2.4.3 配合種類 ································································································.43 2.5 一般公差 ··········································································································.47 2.5.1 一般公差的概念 ·······················································································.47 2.5.2 一般公差的等級和極限偏差值 ·····································································.48 2.5.3 一般公差的圖樣表示法 ··············································································.49 本章小結(jié) ·················································································································.49 習(xí)題 ·······················································································································.49 第3 章 幾何精度設(shè)計 ·································································································.52 3.1 概述 ················································································································.53 3.1.1 幾何要素分類 ··························································································.53 3.1.2 幾何公差的特征項(xiàng)目及其符號 ·····································································.54 3.1.3 幾何公差在圖樣上的標(biāo)注方法 ·····································································.55 3.1.4 幾何公差和幾何公差帶的特征 ·····································································.57 3.2 形狀公差及形狀誤差的評定 ··················································································.59 3.2.1 形狀公差 ································································································.59 3.2.2 形狀誤差及其評定 ····················································································.66 3.3 方向公差、位置公差和跳動公差及對應(yīng)誤差的評定 ····················································.66 3.3.1 基準(zhǔn)及誤差評定 ·······················································································.66 3.3.2 方向公差 ································································································.68 3.3.3 位置公差 ································································································.74 3.3.4 跳動公差 ································································································.77 3.4 幾何公差與尺寸公差的關(guān)系 ··················································································.80 3.4.1 基本概念 ································································································.80 3.4.2 獨(dú)立原則 ································································································.84 3.4.3 包容要求 ································································································.84 3.4.4 最大實(shí)體要求 ··························································································.86 3.4.5 最小實(shí)體要求 ··························································································.90 3.4.6 可逆要求 ································································································.92 3.5 幾何公差的選用 ·································································································.94 3.5.1 幾何公差特征項(xiàng)目的選用 ···········································································.94 3.5.2 公差原則的選用 ·······················································································.95 3.5.3 基準(zhǔn)要素的選用 ·······················································································.96 3.5.4 幾何公差值的選用 ····················································································.97 本章小結(jié) ················································································································.104 習(xí)題 ······················································································································.104 第4 章 表面輪廓精度設(shè)計 ·························································································.108 4.1 概述 ···············································································································.109 4.1.1 表面粗糙度的定義 ···················································································.109 4.1.2 表面粗糙度對零件使用性能的影響 ······························································.109 4.2 表面粗糙度的評定 ·····························································································.110 4.2.1 基本術(shù)語 ·······························································································.110 4.2.2 表面輪廓(粗糙度)的評定參數(shù) ·································································.113 4.3 表面粗糙度的符號及其標(biāo)注方法 ···········································································.116 4.3.1 表面粗糙度的符號 ···················································································.116 4.3.2 表面粗糙度的標(biāo)注方法 ·············································································.117 4.4 表面粗糙度的選用 ·····························································································.124 4.4.1 表面粗糙度評定參數(shù)項(xiàng)目的選用 ·································································.124 4.4.2 表面粗糙度評定參數(shù)值的選用 ····································································.125 4.5 表面粗糙度的檢測 ·····························································································.131 本章小結(jié) ················································································································.133 習(xí)題 ······················································································································.133 第5 章 測量技術(shù)基礎(chǔ) ································································································.135 5.1 概述 ···············································································································.136 5.1.1 測量的定義 ····························································································.136 5.1.2 測量過程的4 個要素 ················································································.136 5.1.3 計量基準(zhǔn) ·······························································································.137 5.1.4 量塊 ·····································································································.138 5.2 測量儀器和測量方法 ··························································································.141 5.2.1 測量儀器的基本技術(shù)性能指標(biāo) ····································································.141 5.2.2 測量儀器 ·······························································································.142 5.2.3 測量方法 ·······························································································.143 5.3 測量誤差及數(shù)據(jù)處理 ··························································································.145 5.3.1 基本概念 ·······························································································.145 5.3.2 測量誤差的來源 ······················································································.146 5.3.3 測量誤差的分類 ······················································································.147 5.3.4 測量精度的分類 ······················································································.148 5.3.5 測量數(shù)據(jù)的處理 ······················································································.149 5.4 光滑工件尺寸的檢測 ··························································································.159 5.4.1 孔和軸實(shí)際尺寸的驗(yàn)收極限 ·······································································.159 5.4.2 光滑極限量規(guī) ·························································································.164 本章小結(jié) ················································································································.170 習(xí)題 ······················································································································.170 第6 章 滾動軸承精度設(shè)計 ·························································································.172 6.1 概述 ···············································································································.173 6.2 滾動軸承內(nèi)徑和外徑的公差帶及其特點(diǎn) ··································································.173 6.2.1 滾動軸承的公差帶 ···················································································.173 6.2.2 滾動軸承的尺寸精度和旋轉(zhuǎn)精度 ·································································.174 6.2.3 軸頸和軸承座孔的尺寸公差帶 ····································································.177 6.2.4 滾動軸承內(nèi)徑和外徑公差帶的特點(diǎn) ······························································.177 6.3 滾動軸承與軸和軸承座孔的配合及其選用 ·······························································.178 6.3.1 軸承配合的選用 ······················································································.178 6.3.2 軸和軸承座孔的形位公差與表面粗糙度參數(shù)值的選用 ······································.182 6.3.3 軸和軸承座孔精度設(shè)計舉例 ·······································································.183 本章小結(jié) ················································································································.184 習(xí)題 ······················································································································.184 第7 章 鍵與花鍵精度設(shè)計 ·························································································.186 7.1 鍵連接概述 ······································································································.187 7.2 普通平鍵連接的精度設(shè)計 ····················································································.187 7.2.1 普通平鍵連接的結(jié)構(gòu)和幾何參數(shù) ·································································.187 7.2.2 普通平鍵連接的公差與配合 ·······································································.188 7.3 矩形花鍵連接的精度設(shè)計 ····················································································.191 7.3.1 矩形花鍵的尺寸系列 ················································································.191 7.3.2 矩形花鍵的幾何參數(shù)和定心方式 ·································································.192 7.3.3 矩形花鍵連接的極限與配合 ·······································································.193 本章小結(jié) ················································································································.197 習(xí)題 ······················································································································.198 第8 章 螺紋精度設(shè)計 ································································································.199 8.1 概述 ···············································································································.200 8.1.1 螺紋的種類及使用要求 ·············································································.200 8.1.2 普通螺紋的基本牙型和主要幾何參數(shù) ···························································.200 8.2 普通螺紋幾何參數(shù)誤差對互換性的影響 ··································································.203 8.2.1 螺距誤差對互換性的影響 ··········································································.203 8.2.2 牙側(cè)角偏差對互換性的影響 ·······································································.204 8.2.3 螺紋直徑偏差對互換性的影響 ····································································.205 8.2.4 作用中徑和螺紋中徑合格性的判斷 ······························································.205 8.3 普通螺紋的公差與配合 ·······················································································.206 8.3.1 螺紋公差帶 ····························································································.206 8.3.2 螺紋公差帶的選用 ···················································································.209 8.3.3 普通螺紋標(biāo)記 ·························································································.210 8.4 普通螺紋的檢測 ································································································.212 8.4.1 綜合檢測 ·······························································································.212 8.4.2 單項(xiàng)測量 ·······························································································.212 本章小結(jié) ················································································································.213 習(xí)題 ······················································································································.213 第9 章 圓柱齒輪精度設(shè)計 ·························································································.214 9.1 齒輪傳動及其使用要求 ·······················································································.215 9.1.1 齒輪傳動 ·······························································································.215 9.1.2 齒輪傳動的使用要求 ················································································.215 9.2 圓柱齒輪加工誤差的分析 ····················································································.216 9.2.1 圓柱齒輪加工誤差的主要來源 ····································································.216 9.2.2 圓柱齒輪加工誤差的分類 ··········································································.217 9.3 圓柱齒輪精度的評定參數(shù)及其檢測 ········································································.218 9.3.1 齒距偏差 ·······························································································.219 9.3.2 齒廓偏差 ·······························································································.221 9.3.3 螺旋線偏差 ····························································································.223 9.3.4 徑向跳動 ·······························································································.224 9.3.5 切向綜合偏差 ·························································································.225 9.3.6 徑向綜合偏差 ·························································································.226 9.3.7 齒輪的其他評定參數(shù) ················································································.228 9.4 齒輪副安裝誤差的評定參數(shù) ·················································································.231 9.4.1 齒輪副中心距偏差 ···················································································.231 9.4.2 齒輪副軸線平行度偏差 ·············································································.232 9.5 漸開線圓柱齒輪公差等級標(biāo)準(zhǔn) ··············································································.232 9.5.1 齒面公差分級制及其應(yīng)用 ··········································································.232 9.5.2 齒輪副側(cè)隙精度指標(biāo)的確定 ·······································································.235 9.5.3 檢測項(xiàng)目的選擇 ······················································································.237 9.5.4 齒坯公差 ·······························································································.238 9.5.5 齒輪齒面和基準(zhǔn)面的表面粗糙度要求 ···························································.240 9.5.6 圖樣上的齒輪齒面公差要求 ·······································································.240 本章小結(jié) ················································································································.241 習(xí)題 ······················································································································.241 第10 章 圓錐配合精度設(shè)計 ·······················································································.242 10.1 概述 ·············································································································.243 10.1.1 圓錐的主要幾何參數(shù) ···············································································.243 10.1.2 有關(guān)圓錐公差的術(shù)語 ···············································································.244 10.1.3 有關(guān)圓錐配合的術(shù)語 ···············································································.245 10.2 圓錐公差與配合 ······························································································.247 10.2.1 圓錐公差項(xiàng)目 ························································································.247 10.2.2 圓錐公差的給定及標(biāo)注方法 ······································································.248 10.2.3 圓錐配合的一般規(guī)定 ···············································································.249 10.3 錐度和圓錐角的檢測 ························································································.250 10.3.1 直接檢測錐度和圓錐角 ············································································.250 10.3.2 用量規(guī)檢測圓錐角偏差 ············································································.250 10.3.3 間接檢測圓錐角 ·····················································································.251 本章小結(jié) ················································································································.252 習(xí)題 ······················································································································.252 第11 章 精度設(shè)計與精度分析 ····················································································.253 11.1 尺寸鏈的精度設(shè)計 ···························································································.253 11.1.1 尺寸鏈概述 ···························································································.254 11.1.2 尺寸鏈的計算 ························································································.257 11.2 精度設(shè)計案例 ·································································································.262 11.2.1 尺寸精度設(shè)計 ························································································.263 11.2.2 輸出軸的幾何精度設(shè)計 ············································································.265 11.2.3 零部件表面粗糙度參數(shù)值的選擇 ································································.266 11.3 計算機(jī)輔助精度分析軟件介紹 ············································································.266 本章小結(jié) ················································································································.271 習(xí)題 ······················································································································.272 參考文獻(xiàn) ·····················································································································.274
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