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分離工程 第五版[美](菲利普·C.萬卡特)(英文原版影印) 讀者對象:《分離工程》不僅可作為高等院;瘜W(xué)工程與工藝專業(yè)本科生和研究生的教材,也是化學(xué)工程、石油化工及相關(guān)專業(yè)技術(shù)人員的寶貴參考書。
《分離工程》是Phillip C. Wankat教授傾心著就的國際經(jīng)典教材,現(xiàn)已修訂至第五版。本書是研究化工及相關(guān)領(lǐng)域中物質(zhì)分離與純化工程技術(shù)的著作,內(nèi)容涵蓋了各種分離方法的特點、原理、計算方法、設(shè)備選型以及仿真模擬等基礎(chǔ)理論知識。作者系統(tǒng)闡述了主要分離單元操作,著重分析傳遞過程、過程建模與求解,不僅涵蓋精餾、吸收、萃取等傳統(tǒng)分離過程,更涉及膜分離、吸附、色譜、熔融結(jié)晶等新型分離技術(shù)。通過典型化工單元計算案例分析,培養(yǎng)讀者分析和求解復(fù)雜分離過程問題的能力,幫助掌握分離單元操作的計算方法。
《分離工程》不僅可作為高等院;瘜W(xué)工程與工藝專業(yè)本科生和研究生的教材,也是化學(xué)工程、石油化工及相關(guān)專業(yè)技術(shù)人員的寶貴參考書。
Nomenclature
符號表 第1章 Introduction to Separation Process Engineering 分離工程簡介 1 1.0 Summary—Objectives / 概要與教學(xué)目標(biāo)/ 1 1.1 Importance of Separations / 分離的重要性 / 1 1.2 Concept of Equilibrium / 平衡的概念 / 3 1.3 Mass Transfer Concepts / 傳質(zhì)的概念 / 4 1.4 Problem-Solving Methods / 問題解決方法 / 5 1.5 Units / 單位 / 6 1.6 Computers and Computer Simulations / 計算機與計算模擬 / 7 1.7 Prerequisite Material / 預(yù)習(xí)資料 / 7 1.8 Other Resources on Separation Process Engineering / 分離工程的其他資源 / 9 References / 參考文獻 / 10 Problems / 習(xí)題 / 11 第2章 Flash Distillation 閃蒸 13 2.0 Summary—Objectives / 概要與教學(xué)目標(biāo) / 13 2.1 Basic Method of Flash Distillation / 閃蒸的基本方法 / 13 2.2 Form and Sources of Equilibrium Data / 平衡數(shù)據(jù)的形式和來源 / 15 2.3 Binary VLE / 二元汽液平衡 / 17 2.3.1 Graphical Binary VLE / 二元汽液平衡相圖 / 18 2.3.2 Binary VLE Equations / 二元汽液平衡方程 / 22 2.4 Binary Flash Distillation / 二元閃蒸 / 26 2.4.1 Sequential Solution Procedure / 順序求解法 / 26 Example 2-1. Flash Distillation of Ethanol and Water / 例題 2-1. 乙醇和水的閃蒸 / 28 2.4.2 Simultaneous Solution Procedure / 同步求解法 / 30 2.4.3 Simultaneous Solution on Enthalpy-Composition Diagram / 利用焓-組成圖同步求解 / 31 2.5 Multicomponent VLE / 多組分汽液平衡 / 32 2.6 Multicomponent Flash Distillation / 多組分閃蒸 / 36 Example 2-2. Multicomponent Flash Distillation / 例題 2-2. 多組分閃蒸 / 38 2.7 Simultaneous Multicomponent Convergence / 多組分同步收斂 / 40 Example 2-3. Simultaneous Solution for Multicomponent Flash Distillation / 例題 2-3. 多組分閃蒸的同步求解 / 42 2.8 Three-Phase Flash Calculations / 三相閃蒸計算 / 45 2.9 Size Calculation / 設(shè)備尺寸計算 / 45 Example 2-4. Calculation of Drum Size / 例題 2-4. 閃蒸罐尺寸計算 / 48 2.10 Using Existing Flash Drums / 閃蒸罐利舊 / 50 References / 參考文獻 / 51 Problems / 習(xí)題 / 52 Appendix A. Computer Simulation of Flash Distillation / 附錄A. 閃蒸的計算機模擬 / 62 Lab 1. Introduction to Aspen Plus / 實驗1. Aspen Plus簡介 / 62 Lab 2. Flash Distillation / 實驗2. 閃蒸 / 69 Appendix B. Spreadsheets for Flash Distillation / 附錄B. 用于閃蒸計算的電子表格 / 72 2.B.1. Binary Flash Distillation with Excel / 用Excel進行二元閃蒸計算 / 72 Example 2-B1. Binary Flash Distillation of Ethanol-Water / 例題 2-B1. 乙醇-水的二元閃蒸 / 72 2.B.2. Multicomponent Flash Distillation with Excel / 用Excel進行多組分閃蒸計算 / 73 第3章 Introduction to Column Distillation 精餾塔簡介 75 3.0 Summary—Objectives / 概要與教學(xué)目標(biāo) / 75 3.1 Developing a Distillation Cascade / 多級蒸餾的建立 / 75 3.2 Tray Column Distillation Equipment / 板式精餾塔 / 82 3.3 Safety / 安全性 / 84 3.4 Specifications / 規(guī)定變量 / 86 3.5 External Column Balances / 全塔衡算 / 88 Example 3-1. External Balances for Binary Distillation / 例題 3-1. 二元精餾的全塔衡算 / 91 References / 參考文獻 / 92 Problems / 習(xí)題 / 92 第4章 Binary Column Distillation: Internal Stage-by-Stage Balances 二元精餾塔的逐級衡算 99 4.0 Summary—Objectives / 概要與教學(xué)目標(biāo) / 99 4.1 Internal Balances / 塔內(nèi)衡算 / 99 4.2 Binary Stage-by-Stage Solution Methods / 二元逐級求解方法 / 103 Example 4-1. Stage-by-Stage Calculations by the Lewis Method / 例題 4-1. 路易斯法逐級計算 / 107 4.3 Introduction to the McCabe-Thiele Method / 麥凱布-蒂勒圖解法簡介 / 109 4.4 Feed Line /進料線 / 113 Example 4-2. Feed Line Calculations / 例題 4-2. 進料方程計算 / 117 4.5 Complete McCabe-Thiele Method / 麥凱布-蒂勒圖解法 / 120 Example 4-3. McCabe-Thiele Method / 例題 4-3. 麥凱布-蒂勒圖解法 / 120 4.6 Profiles for Binary Distillation / 二元精餾塔內(nèi)分布曲線 / 123 4.7 Open Steam Heating / 直接蒸汽加熱 / 125 Example 4-4. McCabe-Thiele Analysis of Open Steam Heating / 例題 4-4. 麥凱布-蒂勒法分析直接蒸汽加熱的精餾過程 / 125 4.8 General McCabe-Thiele Analysis Procedure / 麥凱布-蒂勒法通用分析過程 / 129 Example 4-5. Distillation with Two Feeds / 例題 4-5. 雙進料精餾過程 / 130 4.9 Other Distillation Column Situations / 其他 / 134 4.9.1 Partial Condensers / 分凝器 / 134 4.9.2 Total Reboilers / 全沸器 / 135 4.9.3 Side Streams or Withdrawal Lines / 側(cè)線加料或側(cè)線采出 / 136 4.9.4 Intermediate Reboilers and Intermediate Condensers / 中間再沸器和中間冷凝器 / 137 4.9.5 Stripping and Enriching Columns / 提餾段和濃縮段 / 138 4.9.6 Column Flash Distillation / 閃蒸塔 / 140 4.10 Limiting Operating Conditions / 極限操作條件 / 141 4.11 Efficiencies / 級效率 / 143 4.12 Subcooled Reflux and Superheated Boilup / 過冷回流和過熱再沸 / 145 4.13 Simulation Problems / 精餾模擬問題 / 146 4.14 New Uses for Old Columns / 精餾塔利舊 / 148 4.15 Comparisons between Analytical and Graphical Methods / 分析法和圖解法比較 / 149 References / 參考文獻 / 150 Problems / 習(xí)題 / 150 Appendix A. Computer Simulation of Binary Distillation / 附錄 A. 二元精餾的計算機模擬 / 165 Lab 3. Binary Distillation / 實驗 3. 二元精餾 / 165 Appendix B. Spreadsheet for Binary Distillation / 附錄 B. 用于二元精餾計算的電子表格 / 169 Example 4-B1. Binary Distillation of Ethanol-Water / 例題 4-B1. 乙醇-水二元精餾 / 169 第5章 Introduction to Multicomponent Distillation 多組分精餾簡介 171 5.0 Summary—Objectives / 概要與教學(xué)目標(biāo) / 171 5.1 Calculational Difficulties of Multicomponent Distillation / 多組分精餾計算的難點 / 171 Example 5-1. External Mass Balances Using Fractional Recoveries / 例題 5-1. 利用組分回收率進行全塔物料質(zhì)量衡算 / 174 5.2 Profiles for Multicomponent Distillation / 多組分精餾分布曲線 / 176 5.3 Stage-by-Stage Calculations for CMO / CMO的逐級計算 / 181 Example 5-2. Bubble-Point Calculation / 例題 5-2. 泡點計算 / 183 References / 參考文獻 / 186 Problems / 習(xí)題 / 187 Appendix A. Simplified Spreadsheet for Stage-by-Stage Calculations for Ternary Distillation / 附錄 A. 三元精餾逐級計算的簡捷電子表格 / 192 Example 5-A1. Stage-by-Stage Calculations for Stripping Column / 例題 5-A1. 提餾段的逐級計算 / 192 第6章 Exact Calculation Procedures for Multicomponent Distillation 多組分精餾的嚴(yán)格計算 195 6.0 Summary—Objectives / 概要與教學(xué)目標(biāo) / 195 6.1 Introduction to Matrix Solution for Multicomponent Distillation / 多組分精餾的矩陣求解簡介 / 195 6.2 Component Mass Balances in Matrix Form /矩陣形式的組分質(zhì)量衡算 / 196 6.3 Initial Guesses for Flow Rates and Temperatures / 流量和溫度的初步估算 / 200 6.4 Temperature Convergence / 溫度收斂 / 201 Example 6-1. Matrix and Bubble-Point Calculations / 例題 6-1. 矩陣和泡點計算 / 201 6.5 Energy Balances in Matrix Form / 矩陣形式的能量衡算 / 203 6.6 Introduction to Naphtali-Sandholm Simultaneous Convergence Method Naphtali-Sandholm同步收斂法簡介 / 206 6.7 Discussion / 討論 / 207 References / 參考文獻 / 208 Problems / 習(xí)題 / 208 Appendix. Computer Simulations for Multicomponent Column Distillation / 附錄. 多組分塔式精餾的計算模擬 / 214 Lab 4. Simulation of Multicomponent Distillation / 實驗 4. 多組分精餾模擬 / 214 Lab 5. Pressure Effects and Tray Efficiencies / 實驗5. 壓力的影響和塔板效率 / 216 Lab 6. Coupled Columns / 實驗6. 多塔精餾 / 220 第7章 Approximate Shortcut Methods for Multicomponent Distillation 多組分精餾的簡捷算法 223 7.0 Summary—Objectives / 概要與教學(xué)目標(biāo) / 223 7.1 Total Reflux: Fenske Equation / 全回流:芬斯克方程 / 223 Example 7-1. Fenske Equation / 例題 7-1. 芬斯克方程 / 227 7.2 Minimum Reflux: Underwood Equations / 最小回流:安德伍德方程 / 228 Example 7-2. Underwood Equations / 例題 7-2. 安德伍德方程 / 231 7.3 Gilliland Correlation for Number of Stages at Finite Reflux Ratios / 有限回流比下理論塔板數(shù)的吉利蘭關(guān)聯(lián)圖 / 231 Example 7-3. Gilliland Correlation / 例題 7-3. 吉利蘭關(guān)聯(lián)圖 / 233 References / 參考文獻 / 234 Problems / 習(xí)題 / 235 第8章 Introduction to Complex Distillation Methods 特殊精餾簡介 241 8.0 Summary—Objectives / 概要與教學(xué)目標(biāo) / 241 8.1 Breaking Azeotropes with Hybrid Separations / 分離過程耦合破除共沸 / 241 8.2 Binary Heterogeneous Azeotropic Distillation Processes / 二元非均相共沸精餾過程 / 243 8.2.1 Binary Heterogeneous Azeotropes—Single-Column System / 二元非均相共沸物—單塔系統(tǒng) / 243 8.2.2 Drying Organic Compounds That Are Almost Immiscible with Water / 與水幾乎不混溶有機物的脫水 / 245 Example 8-1. Drying Benzene by Distillation / 例題 8-1. 精餾法干燥苯 / 246 8.2.3 Binary Heterogeneous Azeotropes—Two-Column Systems / 二元非均相共沸物—雙塔系統(tǒng) / 249 8.3 Continuous Steam Distillation / 連續(xù)水蒸氣蒸餾 / 251 8.3.1 Equilibrium / 平衡 / 251 8.3.2 One-Stage Continuous Steam Distillation / 單級連續(xù)水蒸氣蒸餾 / 252 Example 8-2. Single-Stage Continuous Steam Distillation / 例題 8-2. 單級連續(xù)水蒸氣蒸餾 / 252 8.3.3 Continuous Steam Distillation with Multiple Stages / 多級連續(xù)水蒸氣蒸餾 / 255 8.4 Pressure-Swing Distillation Processes / 變壓精餾過程 / 257 8.5 Complex Ternary Distillation Systems / 復(fù)雜三元精餾系統(tǒng) / 259 8.5.1 Distillation Curves / 精餾曲線 / 260 Example 8-3. Development of Distillation Curves for Constant Relative Volatility / 例題 8-3. 恒定相對揮發(fā)度的精餾曲線繪制 / 263 8.5.2 Residue Curves / 剩余曲線 / 264 8.5.3 Mass Balances on Distillation Curve and Residue Curve Diagrams / 用精餾曲線和剩余曲線圖進行質(zhì)量衡算 / 266 8.6 Extractive Distillation / 萃取精餾 / 266 8.7 Azeotropic Distillation with Added Solvent / 添加溶劑的恒沸精餾 / 271 8.8 Distillation with Chemical Reaction / 反應(yīng)精餾 / 274 References / 參考文獻 / 277 Problems / 習(xí)題 / 278 Appendix A. Simulation of Complex Distillation Systems / 附錄 A. 復(fù)雜精餾系統(tǒng)的模擬 / 292 Lab 7. Pressure-Swing Distillation for Separating Azeotropes / 實驗 7. 變壓精餾分離共沸物 / 292 Lab 8. Binary Distillation of Systems with Heterogeneous Azeotropes / 實驗 8. 非均相二元共沸體系的精餾過程 / 295 Lab 9. Simulation of Extractive Distillation / 實驗 9. 萃取精餾模擬 / 298 Appendix B. Spreadsheet for Distillation Curve Generation for Constant Relative Volatility at Total Reflux / 附錄 B. 用于恒定相對揮發(fā)度時繪制全回流條件下精餾曲線的電子表格 / 302 第9章 Batch Distillation 間歇蒸餾 303 9.0 Summary—Objectives / 概要與教學(xué)目標(biāo) / 303 9.1 Introduction to Batch Distillation / 間歇蒸餾簡介 / 303 9.2 Batch Distillation: Rayleigh Equation / 間歇蒸餾:瑞利方程 / 305 9.2.1 Mixed Distillate Product / 混合餾出物產(chǎn)品 / 305 9.2.2 Distillate Product Fractions / 餾出物產(chǎn)品組成 / 306 9.3 Simple Binary Batch Distillation / 簡單二元間歇蒸餾 / 307 Example 9-1. Simple Binary Rayleigh Distillation / 例題 9-1. 簡單二元瑞利蒸餾 / 309 9.4 Constant-Mole Batch Distillation / 恒摩爾量間歇蒸餾 / 312 Example 9-2. Solvent Exchange by Constant-Mole Batch Distillation / 例題 9-2. 恒摩爾量間歇蒸餾進行溶劑置換 / 313 9.5 Batch Steam Distillation / 間歇水蒸氣蒸餾 / 314 Example 9-3. Batch Steam Distillation / 例題 9-3. 間歇水蒸氣蒸餾 / 315 9.6 Multistage Binary Batch Distillation / 多級二元間歇精餾 / 317 9.6.1 Constant Reflux Ratio / 恒回流比 / 317 Example 9-4. Multistage Batch Distillation / 例題 9-4. 多級間歇精餾 / 318 9.6.2 Variable Reflux Ratio / 變回流比 / 320 9.7 Multicomponent Simple Batch Distillation and Residue Curve Calculations / 多組分簡單間歇蒸餾和剩余曲線計算 / 321 Example 9-5. Multicomponent Simple Batch Distillation / 例題 9-5. 多組分簡單間歇蒸餾 / 322 9.8 Operating Time / 操作時間 / 324 References / 參考文獻 / 326 Problems / 習(xí)題 / 326 Appendix A. Calculations for Simple Multicomponent Batch Distillation and Residue Curve Analysis / 附錄 A. 簡單多組分間歇蒸餾及剩余曲線分析 / 334 第10章 Staged and Packed Column Design 板式塔和填料塔設(shè)計 337 10.0 Summary—Objectives / 概要與教學(xué)目標(biāo) / 337 10.1 Staged Column Equipment Description / 板式塔設(shè)備概述 / 338 10.1.1 Trays, Downcomers, and Weirs / 塔板、降液管和溢流堰 / 339 10.1.2 Inlets and Outlets / 進料口和出料口 / 341 10.2 Tray Efficiencies / 塔板效率 / 344 10.2.1 Efficiency Definitions / 效率的定義 / 344 10.2.2 Prediction of Efficiencies / 效率的預(yù)測 / 346 Example 10-1. Overall Efficiency Estimation / 例題 10-1. 全塔效率估算 / 348 10.2.3 Laboratory and Pilot Plant Data / 實驗室和中試數(shù)據(jù) / 349 10.3 Column Diameter Calculations / 塔徑計算 / 350 Example 10-2. Diameter Calculation for Tray Column / 例題 10-2. 板式塔直徑的計算 / 354 10.4 Balancing Calculated Diameters / 平衡計算塔徑/ 355 10.5 Sieve Tray Layout and Tray Hydraulics / 篩板塔盤布置和塔板水力學(xué) / 357 Example 10-3. Tray Layout and Hydraulics / 例題 10-3. 塔盤布置和水力學(xué) / 361 10.6 Valve Tray Design / 浮閥塔板設(shè)計 / 364 10.7 Introduction to Packed Column Design / 填料塔設(shè)計簡介 / 365 10.8 Packings and Packed Column Internals / 填料和填料塔內(nèi)構(gòu)件 / 366 10.9 Packed Column Design: HETP Method / 填料塔設(shè)計:等板高度法 / 368 10.9.1 Experimental Determination of HETP / 等板高度的實驗測定 / 368 10.9.2 HETP Behavior / HETP行為 / 369 10.9.3 Data-Heuristic Design of Packed Columns / 基于數(shù)據(jù)經(jīng)驗的填料塔設(shè)計 / 370 10.10 Packed Column Flooding and Diameter Calculation / 填料塔液泛和塔徑計算 / 371 Example 10-4. Packed Column Diameter Calculation / 例題 10-4. 填料塔直徑計算 / 374 Example 10-5. Alternate Packed Column Diameter Calculation / 例題 10-5. 填料塔直徑備選計算方法 / 377 10.11 Economic Trade-Offs for Packed Columns / 填料塔經(jīng)濟因素分析 / 378 10.12 Choice of Column Type / 塔類型選擇 / 379 10.13 Fire Hazards of Structured Packings / 規(guī)整填料的火災(zāi)風(fēng)險 / 381 References / 參考文獻 / 382 Problems / 習(xí)題 / 385 Appendix. Tray and Downcomer Design with Computer Simulator / 附錄. 塔板和降液管設(shè)計的計算機模擬 / 392 Lab 10. Detailed Design / 實驗 10. 詳細(xì)設(shè)計過程 / 392 第11章 Economics and Energy Efficiency in Distillation 精餾中的經(jīng)濟指標(biāo)和能量效率 397 11.0 Summary—Objectives / 概要與教學(xué)目標(biāo) / 397 11.1 Equipment Costs / 設(shè)備費用 / 397 11.2 Basic Heat Exchanger Design / 換熱器設(shè)計基礎(chǔ) / 404 11.3 Design and Operating Effects on Costs / 影響成本的設(shè)計與操作因素 / 406 Example 11-1. Cost Estimate for Distillation / 例題 11-1. 精餾成本估算 / 411 11.4 Changes in Plant Operating Rates / 工廠運轉(zhuǎn)率變化 / 414 11.5 Energy Reduction in Binary Distillation Systems / 二元精餾系統(tǒng)的節(jié)能 / 415 11.5.1 Energy Conservation in Existing Plants / 現(xiàn)有裝置的節(jié)能 / 415 11.5.2 Energy Conservation in New Facilities / 新建裝置的節(jié)能 / 416 11.6 Synthesis of Column Sequences for Almost Ideal Multicomponent Distillation / 近理想多組分精餾塔序組合 / 419 11.6.1 Ternary Column Sequences / 三元塔序 / 420 11.6.2 Heuristics for Sequences with More Components / 多組分塔序的啟發(fā)法 / 422 Example 11-2. Sequencing Columns with Heuristics / 例題 11-2. 塔序的啟發(fā)法 / 423 11.7 Synthesis of Distillation Systems for Nonideal Ternary Systems / 非理想三元體系精餾塔序組合 / 425 Example 11-3. Process Development for Separation of Complex Ternary Mixture / 例題 11-3. 復(fù)雜三元混合物分離過程開發(fā) / 427 11.8 Next Steps / 后續(xù)內(nèi)容 / 429 References / 參考文獻 / 430 Problems / 習(xí)題 / 431 第12章 Absorption and Stripping 吸收和解吸 439 12.0 Summary—Objectives / 概要與教學(xué)目標(biāo) / 440 12.1 Absorption and Stripping Equilibria / 吸收和解吸平衡 / 441 12.2 McCabe-Thiele Solution for Dilute Absorption / 低濃度吸收的麥凱布-蒂勒法求解 / 444 Example 12-1. McCabe-Thiele Analysis for Dilute Absorber / 例題 12-1. 低濃度吸收塔的麥凱布-蒂勒圖解分析 / 445 12.3 Stripping Analysis for Dilute Systems / 低濃度體系的解吸分析 / 446 12.4 Analytical Solution for Dilute Systems: Kremser Equation / 低濃度體系的分析方法:克雷姆塞爾方程 / 447 Example 12-2. Stripping Analysis with the Kremser Equation / 例題 12-2. 克雷姆塞爾方程用于解吸分析 / 451 12.5 Efficiencies / 效率 / 452 12.6 McCabe-Thiele Analysis for More Concentrated Systems / 高濃度體系的麥凱布-蒂勒圖解分析 / 453 Example 12-3. Graphical Analysis for More Concentrated Absorber / 例題 12-3. 高濃度吸收塔的圖解分析 / 455 12.7 Column Diameter / 塔徑 / 457 12.8 Dilute Multisolute Absorbers and Strippers / 多元稀溶液的吸收塔和解吸塔 / 458 12.9 Matrix Solution for Concentrated Absorbers and Strippers / 高濃度吸收塔和解吸塔的矩陣求解 / 460 12.10 Irreversible Absorption and Cocurrent Cascades / 不可逆吸收和多級并流吸收 / 463 References / 參考文獻 / 465 Problems / 習(xí)題 / 466 Appendix. Computer Simulations of Absorption and Stripping / 附錄. 吸收和解吸的計算機模擬 / 474 Lab 11. Absorption and Stripping / 實驗 11. 吸收和解吸 / 474 第13章 Liquid-Liquid Extraction 液液萃取 481 13.0 Summary—Objectives / 概要與教學(xué)目標(biāo) / 481 13.1 Introduction to Extraction Processes and Equipment / 萃取工藝與設(shè)備概述 / 481 13.2 Equilibrium for Dilute Systems and Solvent Selection / 稀溶液體系的平衡與溶劑選擇 / 486 13.3 Dilute, Immiscible, Countercurrent Extraction / 稀溶液不互溶逆流萃取 / 489 13.3.1 McCabe-Thiele Method for Dilute Countercurrent Extraction / 稀溶液逆流萃取的麥凱布-蒂勒圖解法 / 489 Example 13-1. Dilute Countercurrent Immiscible Extraction / 例題13-1. 稀溶液不互溶逆流萃取 / 490 13.3.2 Kremser Solution for Dilute Countercurrent Extraction / 稀溶液逆流萃取過程的克雷姆塞爾解析法 / 492 13.3.3 Dilute Fractional Extraction / 稀溶液分餾萃取 / 493 13.3.4 McCabe-Thiele Analysis of Fractional Extraction / 分餾萃取的麥凱布-蒂勒圖解分析 / 495 13.3.5 Kremser Equation for Fractional Extraction / 分餾萃取的克雷姆塞爾方程 / 497 Example 13-2. Kremser Solutions for Counter-Current and Fractional Extraction / 例題 13-2. 逆流和分餾萃取的克雷姆塞爾解析法 / 498 13.4 Immiscible Single-Stage and Crossflow Extraction / 不互溶單級錯流萃取 / 499 Example 13-3. Single-Stage and Crossflow Extraction of Protein / 例題 13-3. 蛋白質(zhì)的單級錯流萃取 / 500 13.5 Concentrated Immiscible Extraction / 濃溶液不互溶萃取 / 502 Example 13-4. Concentrated Immiscible Extraction / 例題13-4. 濃溶液不互溶萃取 / 503 13.6 Immiscible Batch Extraction / 不互溶間歇萃取 / 506 13.7 Extraction Equilibrium for Partially Miscible Ternary Systems / 部分互溶三元體系的萃取平衡 / 508 13.8 Mixing Calculations and the Lever-Arm Rule / 混合計算和杠桿規(guī)則 / 511 13.9 Partially Miscible Single-Stage and Crossflow Systems / 部分互溶單級錯流體系 / 513 Example 13-5. Partially Miscible Single-Stage Extraction / 例題 13-5. 部分互溶單級萃取 / 513 13.10 Partially Miscible Countercurrent Extraction / 部分互溶逆流萃取 / 516 13.10.1 External Mass Balances / 全局物料質(zhì)量衡算 / 516 13.10.2 Difference Points and Stage-by-Stage Calculations / 差點和逐級計算 / 517 13.10.3 Complete Partially Miscible Extraction Problem / 完整的部分互溶萃取問題 / 521 Example 13-6. Countercurrent Extraction / 例題13-6. 逆流萃取 / 521 13.11 Relationship Between McCabe-Thiele and Triangular Diagrams for Partially Miscible Systems / 部分互溶體系的麥凱布-蒂勒圖與三角形相圖關(guān)系 / 522 13.12 Minimum Solvent Rate for Partially Miscible Systems / 部分互溶體系的最小溶劑用量 / 523 13.13 Extraction Computer Simulations / 萃取的計算機模擬 / 525 13.14 Design of Mixer-Settlers / 混合澄清槽的設(shè)計 / 526 Example 13-7. Mixer-Settler Design / 例題13-7. 混合澄清槽的設(shè)計 / 527 References / 參考文獻 / 537 Problems / 習(xí)題 / 538 Appendix. Computer Simulation of Extraction / 附錄. 萃取的計算機模擬 / 545 Lab 12. Extraction / 實驗12. 萃取 / 545 第14章 Washing, Leaching, and Supercritical Extraction 洗滌、浸取和超臨界萃取 551 14.0 Summary—Objectives / 概要與教學(xué)目標(biāo) / 551 14.1 Generalized McCabe-Thiele and Kremser Procedures / 廣義麥凱布-蒂勒和克雷姆塞爾程序 / 551 14.2 Washing / 洗滌 / 552 14.2.1 Continuous Washing / 連續(xù)洗滌 / 553 Example 14-1. Continuous Washing / 例題14-1. 連續(xù)洗滌 / 557 14.2.2 Batch Washing / 間歇洗滌 / 559 14.3 Leaching / 浸取 / 559 14.3.1 Leaching Analysis with Constant Flow Rates / 恒定流速下的浸取分析 / 561 14.3.2 Leaching Analysis with Variable Flow Rates / 可變流速下的浸取分析 / 562 Example 14-2. Leaching Calculation / 例題14-2. 浸取計算 / 562 14.3.3 Simulating Countercurrent Flow in Percolation Leaching / 逆流滲濾浸取過程模擬 / 564 14.4 Introduction to Supercritical Fluid Extraction / 超臨界流體萃取簡介 / 565 References / 參考文獻 / 568 Problems / 習(xí)題 / 568 第15章 Introduction to Diffusion and Mass Transfer 擴散和傳質(zhì)簡介 575 15.0 Summary—Objectives / 概要與教學(xué)目標(biāo) / 576 15.1 Molecular Movement Leads to Mass Transfer / 分子運動導(dǎo)致傳質(zhì) / 577 15.2 Fickian Model of Diffusivity / 菲克擴散模型 / 578 15.2.1 Fick’s Law and the Fickian Definition of Diffusivity / 菲克定律與菲克擴散系數(shù)的定義 / 578 15.2.2 Steady-State Binary Fickian Diffusion and Mass Balances without Convection / 無對流的穩(wěn)態(tài)二元菲克擴散和質(zhì)量衡算 / 580 Example 15-1. Determination of Diffusivity in Dilute Binary Mixture / 例題15-1. 稀二元混合物中擴散系數(shù)的測定 / 580 Example 15-2. Steady-State Diffusion without Convection: Low-Temperature Evaporation / 例題 15-2. 無對流的穩(wěn)態(tài)擴散:低溫蒸發(fā) / 582 15.2.3 Unsteady Binary Fickian Diffusion with No Convection (Optional) / 無對流的非穩(wěn)態(tài)二元菲克擴散(可選) / 584 15.2.4 Steady-State Binary Fickian Diffusion and Mass Balances with Convection / 有對流的穩(wěn)態(tài)二元菲克擴散和質(zhì)量守恒 / 586 Example 15-3. Steady-State Diffusion with Convection: High-Temperature Evaporation / 例題 15-3. 有對流的穩(wěn)態(tài)擴散:高溫蒸發(fā) / 589 15.3 Values and Correlations for Fickian Binary Diffusivities / 二元菲克擴散系數(shù)的數(shù)值和關(guān)聯(lián)式 / 593 15.3.1 Fickian Binary Gas Diffusivities / 二元氣體菲克擴散系數(shù) / 593 Example 15-4. Estimation of Temperature Effect on Fickian Gas Diffusivity / 題 15-4. 溫度對氣體菲克擴散系數(shù)影響的估算 / 596 15.3.2 Fickian Binary Liquid Diffusivities / 二元液體菲克擴散系數(shù) / 596 15.3.3 Numerical Solution with Variable Binary Diffusivity / 可變二元擴散系數(shù)的數(shù)值解 / 599 Example 15-5. Numerical Solution for Variable Diffusivity and Molar Concentration / 例題 15-5. 可變擴散系數(shù)和摩爾濃度的數(shù)值解 / 599 15.4 Linear Driving-Force Model of Mass Transfer for Binary Systems / 二元體系的線性推動力傳質(zhì)模型 / 601 15.4.1 Film Theory for Dilute and Equimolar Transfer Systems / 稀濃度等摩爾傳質(zhì)的雙膜理論 / 602 15.4.2 Transfer through Stagnant Films: Absorbers and Strippers / 通過滯留膜的傳質(zhì):吸收塔和解吸塔 / 605 15.4.3 Binary Mass Transfer to Expanding or Contracting Objects / 膨脹或收縮物體的二元傳質(zhì) / 606 Example 15-6. Shrinking Diameter of Oxygen Bubble / 例題 15-6. 氧氣氣泡的收縮直徑 / 609 15.4.4 Binary Mass Transfer to Expanding or Contracting Objects: Variable Mass Transfer Coefficient / 膨脹或收縮物體的二元傳質(zhì):可變傳質(zhì)系數(shù) / 613 Example 15-7. Sublimination of Solid Particle / 例題15-7.固體顆粒的升華 / 614 15.5 Correlations for Mass Transfer Coefficients / 傳質(zhì)系數(shù)的關(guān)聯(lián)式 / 615 15.5.1 Dimensionless Groups / 無量綱數(shù)群 / 616 15.5.2 Theoretically Derived Mass Transfer Correlations / 理論推導(dǎo)的傳質(zhì)關(guān)聯(lián)式 / 617 15.5.3 Semi-Empirical and Empirical Mass Transfer Coefficient Correlations / 半經(jīng)驗和經(jīng)驗的傳質(zhì)系數(shù)關(guān)聯(lián)式 / 621 Example 15-8. Estimation of Mass Transfer Coefficients / 例題 15-8. 傳質(zhì)系數(shù)的估算 / 623 15.5.4 Correlations Based on Analogies / 基于類比法的關(guān)聯(lián)式 / 625 15.6 Difficulties with Fickian Diffusion Model / 菲克擴散模型的難點 / 626 15.7 Maxwell-Stefan Model of Diffusion and Mass Transfer / 麥克斯韋-斯特藩擴散與傳質(zhì)模型 / 627 15.7.1 Introductory Development of the Maxwell-Stefan Theory of Diffusion / 麥克斯韋-斯特藩擴散理論入門 / 627 15.7.2 Maxwell-Stefan Equations for Binary Nonideal Systems / 二元非理想體系的麥克斯韋-斯特藩方程 / 629 15.7.3 Determining Independent Fluxes Nj,z / 確定獨立通量Nj,z / 630 15.7.4 Maxwell-Stefan Difference Equation Formulations / 麥克斯韋-斯特藩差分方程表達(dá)式 / 631 15.7.5 Relationship between Maxwell-Stefan and Fickian Diffusivities / 麥克斯韋-斯特藩擴散系數(shù)與菲克擴散系數(shù)的關(guān)系 / 632 Example 15-9. Maxwell-Stefan Nonideal Binary Diffusion / 例題 15-9. 麥克斯韋-斯特藩非理想二元擴散 / 633 15.7.6 Ideal Ternary Systems / 理想三元體系 / 635 Example 15-10. Maxwell-Stefan Ideal Ternary System / 例題 15-10. 麥克斯韋-斯特藩理想三元體系 / 637 15.7.7 Ternary Mass Transfer to Expanding or Contracting Objects / 膨脹或收縮物體的三元傳質(zhì) / 639 Example 15-11. Ternary Transfer from An Evaporating Drop / 例題 15-11. 蒸發(fā)液滴的三元傳質(zhì) / 639 15.7.8 Nonideal Ternary Systems / 非理想三元體系 / 640 15.8 Advantages and Disadvantages of Different Diffusion and Mass Transfer Models / 不同擴散和傳質(zhì)模型的優(yōu)缺點 / 641 15.9 Useful Approximate Values / 有用的近似值 / 642 References / 參考文獻 / 642 Problems / 習(xí)題 / 643 Appendix. Spreadsheets for Examples 15-10 and 15-11 / 附錄. 例題15-10和15-11用到的電子表格 / 650 第16章 Mass Transfer Analysis for Distillation, Absorption, Stripping, and Extraction 精餾、吸收、解吸和萃取的傳質(zhì)分析 653 16.0 Summary—Objectives / 概要與教學(xué)目標(biāo) / 653 16.1 HTU-NTU Analysis of Packed Distillation Columns / 填料精餾塔的HTU-NTU分析 / 653 Example 16-1. Distillation in A Packed Column / 例題 16-1. 填料精餾塔 / 659 16.2 Relationship of HETP and HTU / HETP和HTU的關(guān)系 / 661 16.3 Correlations for HTU Values for Packings / 填料HTU值的關(guān)聯(lián)式 / 663 16.3.1 Bolles and Fair Correlation for HTU Values of Random Packings / 無規(guī)填料HTU值的博爾斯-費爾關(guān)聯(lián)式/ 664 Example 16-2. Estimation of HG and HL / 例題 16-2. HG和HL的估算 / 665 16.3.2 Additional Correlations for Random and Structured Packings / 無規(guī)填料和規(guī)整填料的附加關(guān)聯(lián)式 / 669 16.4 HTU-NTU Analysis of Absorbers and Strippers / 吸收塔和解吸塔的HTU-NTU分析 / 670 Example 16-3. Absorption of SO2 / 例題 16-3. SO2吸收 / 674 16.5 HTU-NTU Analysis of Cocurrent Absorbers / 并流吸收塔的HTU-NTU分析 / 675 16.6 Prediction of Distillation Tray Efficiency / 精餾塔板效率的預(yù)測 / 677 Example 16-4. Estimation of Distillation Stage Efficiency / 例題 16-4. 精餾塔板效率估算 / 678 16.7 Mass Transfer Analysis of Extraction / 萃取傳質(zhì)分析 / 679 16.7.1 Extraction Mass Transfer Equations and HTU-NTU Analysis / 萃取傳質(zhì)方程與HTU-NTU分析 / 680 16.7.2 Calculation of Stage Efficiency in Extraction Mixers / 萃取混合器的級效率計算 / 681 Example 16-5. Conversion of Mass Transfer Coefficients and Estimation of Mixer Stage Efficiency / 例題 16-5. 傳質(zhì)系數(shù)換算和混合器級效率估算 / 684 16.7.3 Drop Size in Mixers / 混合器中的液滴尺寸 / 686 16.7.4 Mass Transfer Coefficients in Mixers / 混合器中的傳質(zhì)系數(shù) / 687 16.7.4.1 Mixer Mass Transfer Coefficients for Individual Drops (Optional) / 混合器中單個液滴的傳質(zhì)系數(shù)(可選) / 687 16.7.4.2 Mass Transfer Coefficients for Drop Swarms in Mixers / 混合器中液滴群的傳質(zhì)系數(shù) / 688 16.7.4.3 Conservative Estimation of Mass Transfer Coefficients for Extraction / 萃取傳質(zhì)系數(shù)的保守估算 / 689 16.8 Rate-Based Analysis of Distillation / 基于速率的精餾分析 / 690 References / 參考文獻 / 693 Problems / 習(xí)題 / 695 Appendix. Computer Rate-Based Simulation of Distillation / 附錄. 基于速率的精餾計算機模擬 / 702 Lab 13. Rate-Based Modeling of Distillation / 實驗 13. 基于速率的精餾模擬 / 702 第17章 Crystallization from Solution 溶液結(jié)晶 705 17.0 Summary—Objectives / 概要與教學(xué)目標(biāo) / 706 17.1 Basic Principles of Crystallization from Solution / 溶液結(jié)晶的基本原理 / 706 17.1.1 Crystallization Processes / 結(jié)晶過程 / 706 17.1.2 Binary Equilibrium and Crystallizer Types / 二元相平衡和結(jié)晶器類型 / 708 17.2 Continuous Cooling Crystallizers / 連續(xù)冷卻結(jié)晶器 / 712 17.2.1 Equilibrium and Mass Balances for Single Solute Producing Pure Solute Crystals / 單一溶質(zhì)純晶體的相平衡和質(zhì)量衡算 / 713 Example 17-1. Continuous Cooling Crystallizer Mass Balances without Hydrates / 例題 17-1. 非水合物連續(xù)冷卻結(jié)晶器的質(zhì)量衡算 / 714 Example 17-2. Continuous Cooling Crystallizer Mass Balances for Hydrates / 例題 17-2. 水合物連續(xù)冷卻結(jié)晶器的質(zhì)量衡算 / 714 Example 17-3. Mixing Solutions When Hydrates Are Dissolved in Water / 例題 17-3.水合物溶于水時的溶液 / 716 17.2.2 Binary Eutectic Systems / 二元共熔體系 / 717 Example 17-4. Eutectic Equilibrium and Mass Balances / 例題 17-4. 共熔平衡和質(zhì)量衡算 / 718 17.2.3 Deicing with Eutectic Systems / 共熔體系除冰 / 719 17.2.4 Eutectic Freeze Concentration (EFC) / 共熔冷凍濃縮 / 720 17.2.5 Solid Solutions / 固溶體 / 721 17.3 Evaporative and Vacuum Crystallizers / 蒸發(fā)結(jié)晶器和真空結(jié)晶器 / 722 17.3.1 Equipment / 設(shè)備 / 722 17.3.2 Analysis of Evaporative Crystallizers for Single-Solute Systems for Producing Pure Solute Crystals / 純晶體單一溶質(zhì)蒸發(fā)結(jié)晶器分析 / 724 Example 17-5. Evaporative Crystallizer without Hydrate / 例題 17-5. 非水合物蒸發(fā)結(jié)晶器 / 725 Example 17-6. Evaporative Crystallizer with Hydrate / 例題 17-6. 水合物蒸發(fā)結(jié)晶器 / 725 17.3.3 Simultaneous Mass, Energy, and Equilibrium Calculations / 質(zhì)量、能量與相平衡的聯(lián)立求解 / 726 Example 17-7. Vacuum Crystallizer: Simultaneous Mass, Energy, and Equilibrium Calculations / 例題 17-7. 真空結(jié)晶器:質(zhì)量、能量與相平衡的聯(lián)立求解 / 728 17.4 Experimental Crystal Size Distribution / 晶體粒度分布的實驗測定 / 729 Example 17-8. Screen Analysis of Crystallization Data / 例題 17-8. 結(jié)晶數(shù)據(jù)的篩分分析 / 731 17.5 Introduction to Population Balances / 粒數(shù)衡算簡介 / 734 17.6 Crystal Size Distributions for MSMPR Crystallizers / MSMPR結(jié)晶器的晶體粒度分布 / 736 17.6.1 Crystal Nucleation and Growth / 晶體成核與生長 / 737 17.6.2 Development of MSMPR Equation and Determination of G and no from Experiment / MSMPR結(jié)晶器方程的建立及晶體生長速率(G)和晶核粒數(shù)密度(no)的實驗測定 / 740 Example 17-9. Determination of Kinetic Parameters from Screen Analysis Data / 例題 17-9. 從晶體篩分?jǐn)?shù)據(jù)確定動力學(xué)參數(shù) / 741 17.6.3 Development and Application of Distributions for MSMPR Crystallizers / MSMPR結(jié)晶器分布特性的建立與應(yīng)用 / 742 Example 17-10. Use of Differential Mass Distribution to Analyze Screen Analysis Data / 例題 17-10. 使用差分質(zhì)量分布分析篩分?jǐn)?shù)據(jù) / 745 Example 17-11. Prediction of Sieve Analysis / 例題 17-11. 篩分分析預(yù)測 / 746 Example 17-12. Combination of Equilibrium and MSMPR Distribution / 例題 17-12. 相平衡與MSMPR分布的組合 / 747 17.7 Seeding / 加晶種 / 749 17.7.1 CSD Analysis for Growth on Seeds in Continuous Crystallizers / 連續(xù)結(jié)晶器中晶種生長的CSD分析 / 750 Example 17-13. CSD of Seeded Crystallizer / 例題 17-13. 加晶種結(jié)晶器的CSD分析 / 751 17.7.2 Controlling Crystal Size by Seeding / 加晶種控制晶體尺寸 / 753 Example 17-14. Increasing Crystal Size with Seeding / 例題 17-14. 通過加晶種增大晶體尺寸 / 753 17.8 Scaleup / 放大 / 754 17.9 Batch and Semibatch Crystallization / 間歇和半間歇結(jié)晶 / 756 17.9.1 Temperature Control for Batch Cooling Crystallizers / 間歇式冷卻結(jié)晶器的溫度控制 / 756 17.9.2 Antisolvent Crystallization / 反溶劑結(jié)晶 / 758 Example 17-15. Antisolvent and Temperature Reduction Crystallization / 例題 17-15. 反溶劑和降溫結(jié)晶 / 759 17.10 Precipitation / 沉淀 / 761 17.10.1 Precipitation by Antisolvent Addition / 反溶劑法沉淀 / 761 17.10.2 Precipitation by Salting Out / 鹽析沉淀 / 762 Example 17-16. Salting out with A Common Ion / 例題 17-16. 同離子鹽析 / 762 References / 參考文獻 / 764 Problems / 習(xí)題 / 765 Appendix. Spreadsheet / 附錄. 電子表格 / 772 第18章 Melt Crystallization 熔融結(jié)晶 773 18.0 Summary—Objectives / 概要與教學(xué)目標(biāo) / 773 18.1 Equilibrium Calculations for Melt Crystallization / 熔融結(jié)晶的平衡計算 / 774 18.1.1 Binary Eutectic Systems / 二元共熔體系 / 774 Example 18-1. Eutectic Equilibrium and Mass Balances / 例題 18-1. 共熔相平衡和質(zhì)量衡算 / 775 18.1.2 Eutectic Equilibrium from Freezing Point Lowering Data / 從凝固點下降數(shù)據(jù)獲得共熔相平衡 / 777 Example 18-2. Part A. Equilibrium from Freezing Point Data / 例題 18-2. Part A. 從凝固點數(shù)據(jù)建立相平衡 / 777 Example 18-2. Part B. Equilibrium from Activity Coefficients / 例題 18-2. Part B. 由活度系數(shù)建立相平衡 / 778 18.1.3 Linear Equilibrium for Non-eutectic Melt Crystallization / 非共熔熔融結(jié)晶的線性平衡關(guān)系 / 779 18.2 Suspension Melt Crystallization / 懸浮熔融結(jié)晶 / 780 18.2.1 Process / 過程 / 780 18.2.2 Entrainment / 夾帶 / 781 Example 18-3. Entrainment Effects / 例題 18-3. 夾帶效應(yīng) / 782 18.2.3 Wash Columns / 洗滌塔 / 784 18.2.4 Heat Transfer in Suspension Melt Crystallization / 懸浮熔融結(jié)晶中的傳熱 / 786 18.2.5 Film Mass Transfer in Suspension Melt Crystallization / 懸浮熔融結(jié)晶中的膜內(nèi)傳質(zhì) / 789 18.2.6 MSMPR and Seeded Crystallizer Analysis in Suspension Melt Crystallization / 懸浮熔融結(jié)晶過程的MSMPR和加晶種結(jié)晶器分析 / 792 18.3 Introduction to Solid-Layer Crystallization Processes: Progressive Freezing / 固相層熔融結(jié)晶過程簡介:逐步冷凍法 / 793 18.3.1 Heat and Mass Transfer in Progressive Freezing / 逐步冷凍中的傳熱和傳質(zhì) / 793 18.3.2 Mass Balances and Impurity Levels / 質(zhì)量衡算和雜質(zhì)含量 / 795 18.3.3 Heat and Mass Transfer Correlations for Progressive Freezing / 逐步冷凍的傳熱和傳質(zhì)關(guān)系 / 796 18.3.4 Growth of the Crystal Layer in Progressive Freezing / 逐步冷凍過程中晶體層的生長 / 798 Example 18-4. Preliminary Calculations for Progressive Freezing / 例題 18-4. 逐步冷凍的初步計算 / 800 Example 18-5. Concentrated Progressive Freezing / 例題 18-5. 逐步冷凍的嚴(yán)密計算 / 802 18.3.5 Interpretation and Conclusions from Progressive Freezing Analysis / 逐步冷凍分析的解釋和結(jié)論 / 804 18.3.6 Progressive Freezing of Dilute, Non-eutectic, Linear Systems / 稀溶液、非共熔、線性體系的逐步冷凍 / 806 Example 18-6. Dilute Progressive Freezing / 例題 18-6. 稀溶液逐步冷凍 / 807 18.4 Static Solid-Layer Melt Crystallization Process / 靜態(tài)固相層熔融結(jié)晶過程 / 808 18.5 Dynamic Solid-Layer Melt Crystallization / 動態(tài)固相層熔融結(jié)晶 / 809 18.5.1 Staging Falling-Film Crystallizers / 分級降膜結(jié)晶器 / 810 18.5.2 Mass and Energy Balances and Crystal Growth / 質(zhì)量和能量衡算與晶體生長 / 811 18.5.3 Heat and Mass Transfer Correlations for Falling Films / 降膜的傳熱傳質(zhì)關(guān)系 / 814 Example 18-7. Falling-Film Crystallizer / 例題18-7. 降膜結(jié)晶器 / 815 Comments on the Solution Method and the Example / 對求解方法和實例的評價 / 819 18.6 Zone Melting / 區(qū)域熔融 / 819 Example 18-8. Zone Melting / 例題 18-8. 區(qū)域熔融 / 823 18.7 Post-Crystallization Processing / 結(jié)晶后處理 / 824 18.8 Scaleup / 放大 / 827 18.9 Hybrid Crystallization-Distillation Processes / 結(jié)晶和精餾的耦合過程 / 828 Example 18-9. Hybrid Crystallization-Distillation Process / 例題 18-9. 結(jié)晶-精餾耦合過程 / 830 18.10 Predictions / 預(yù)測 / 833 18.10.1 Epitaph for Column Suspension Melt Crystallization Systems / 柱式懸浮熔融結(jié)晶系統(tǒng)的謝幕 / 833 18.10.2 The Future of Static Solid-Layer Melt Crystallization / 靜態(tài)固相層熔融結(jié)晶的發(fā)展趨勢 / 834 References / 參考文獻 / 834 Problems / 習(xí)題 / 836 第19章 Introduction to Membrane Separation Processes 膜分離過程簡介 841 19.0 Summary—Objectives / 概要與教學(xué)目標(biāo) / 844 19.1 Membrane Separation Equipment / 膜分離設(shè)備 / 844 19.2 Membrane Concepts / 膜概念 / 847 19.3 Gas Permeation (GP) / 氣體滲透 / 850 19.3.1 GP of Binary Mixtures / 二元混合氣的滲透 / 851 19.3.2 Binary Permeation in Perfectly Mixed Systems / 理想混合體系中的二元滲透 / 853 Example 19-1. Well-Mixed GP—Sequential, Analytical Solution / 例題19-1. 充分混合氣體滲透—序貫分析求解 / 856 Example 19-2. Well-Mixed GP—Simultaneous Solutions / 例題 19-2. 充分混合氣體滲透—同步求解 / 857 19.3.3 Multicomponent Permeation in Perfectly Mixed Systems / 理想混合體系中的多組分滲透 / 861 Example 19-3. Multicomponent, Perfectly Mixed GP / 例題19-3. 多組分理想混合氣體的滲透 / 862 19.3.4 Effect of Pores and Holes in Membrane / 膜中孔道和孔洞的影響 / 863 Example 19-4. Effect of Holes / 例題 19-4. 孔洞的影響 / 864 19.4 Osmosis and Reverse Osmosis (RO) / 滲透和反滲透 / 865 19.4.1 Analysis of Osmosis / 滲透過程分析 / 866 19.4.2 Analysis of RO / 反滲透過程分析 / 868 19.4.3 RO in Well-Mixed Modules / 均質(zhì)模塊中的反滲透 / 870 Example 19-5. Determination of RO Membrane Properties / 例題 19-5. 反滲透膜性能測定 / 871 Example 19-6. RO without Concentration Polarization / 例題 19-6. 無濃差極化的反滲透 / 873 19.4.4 Mass Transfer Analysis of Concentration Polarization / 濃差極化的傳質(zhì)分析 / 874 Example 19-7. RO with Concentration Polarization / 例題 19-7. 有濃差極化的反滲透 / 876 Example 19-8. Prediction of RO Performance with Concentration Polarization / 例題 19-8. 有濃差極化的反滲透性能預(yù)測 / 878 19.4.5 Forward Osmosis (FO) / 正向滲透 / 879 19.5 Ultrafiltration (UF)` / 超濾 / 881 19.5.1 UF Membranes and Basic Equations / 超濾膜和基本方程 / 882 19.5.2 Gel Formation in UF / 超濾中的凝膠形成 / 884 Example 19-9. UF with Gel Formation / 例題 19-9. 產(chǎn)生凝膠的超濾 / 885 19.5.3 UF Operating Methods / 超濾操作方法 / 886 19.5.4 Microfiltration (MF) / 微濾 / 887 Example 19-10. Part I. MF with Small Particles / 例題 19-10. Part I. 含小顆粒的微濾 / 888 Example 19-10. Part II. MF with Particles > 1.0 μm / 例題 19-10. Part II. 大于1?m顆粒的微濾 / 889 19.5.5 Tricky Units / 棘手的單位 / 890 19.6 Pervaporation / 滲透汽化 / 891 19.6.1 Pervaporation Basics / 滲透汽化基礎(chǔ) / 891 19.6.2 Pervaporation Design Using Experimental Data / 使用實驗數(shù)據(jù)的滲透汽化設(shè)計 / 894 Example 19-11. Part I. Pervap—Feasibility Calculation / 例題 19-11. Part I. 滲透汽化—可行性計算 / 896 Example 19-11. Part II. Development of A Feasible Design / 例題 19-11. Part II. 建立可行的滲透汽化過程 / 897 19.6.3 Theoretical Analysis and Design of Pervaporation Systems / 滲透汽化系統(tǒng)的理論分析與設(shè)計 / 898 Example 19-12. Analysis of Pervaporation Data / 例題 19-12. 滲透汽化數(shù)據(jù)分析 / 899 19.7 Bulk Flow Pattern Effects / 主體流型效應(yīng) / 902 Example 19-13. Flow Pattern Effects in GP / 例題 19-13. 氣體滲透中的流型效應(yīng) / 902 19.7.1 Binary Crossflow Permeation / 二元錯流滲透 / 903 19.7.2 Binary Cocurrent and Countercurrent Permeation / 二元并流和逆流滲透 / 905 References / 參考文獻 / 905 Problems / 習(xí)題 / 907 Appendix A. Spreadsheet for Crossflow GP / 附錄 A. 用于錯流氣體滲透計算的電子表格 / 918 第20章 Introduction to Adsorption, Chromatography, and Ion Exchange 吸附、色譜和離子交換簡介 923 20.0 Summary—Objectives / 概要與教學(xué)目標(biāo) / 924 20.1 Adsorbents and Adsorption Equilibrium / 吸附劑和吸附平衡 / 924 20.1.1 Definitions / 定義 / 924 20.1.2 Adsorbent Types / 吸附劑類型 / 926 20.1.3 Adsorption Equilibrium Behavior / 吸附平衡行為 / 929 Example 20-1. Adsorption Equilibrium / 例題 20-1. 吸附平衡 / 932 20.2 Solute Movement Analysis for Linear Systems: Basics and Applications to Chromatography / 線性吸附的溶質(zhì)遷移分析:色譜的基礎(chǔ)和應(yīng)用 / 935 20.2.1 Movement of Solute in a Column / 溶質(zhì)在床層內(nèi)的遷移 / 935 20.2.2 Solute Movement Theory for Linear Isotherms / 線性等溫吸附下的溶質(zhì)遷移理論 / 937 20.2.3 Application of Linear Solute Movement Theory to Purge Cycles and Elution Chromatography / 線性溶質(zhì)遷移理論在吹掃循環(huán)和洗脫色譜中的應(yīng)用 / 938 Example 20-2. Linear Solute Movement Analysis of Elution Chromatography / 例題 20-2. 洗脫色譜的線性溶質(zhì)遷移分析 / 939 20.3 Solute Movement Analysis for Linear Systems: Temperature and Pressure Swing Adsorption and Simulated Moving Beds / 線性系統(tǒng)的溶質(zhì)遷移分析:變溫/變壓吸附和模擬移動床 / 942 20.3.1 Temperature Swing Adsorption / 變溫吸附 / 942 Example 20-3. Thermal Regeneration with Linear Isotherm / 例題 20-3. 線性等溫吸附下的熱再生 / 945 20.3.2 Pressure Swing Adsorption / 變壓吸附 / 950 Example 20-4. PSA System / 例題 20-4. 變壓吸附案例 / 952 20.3.3 Simulated Moving Beds / 模擬移動床 / 957 Example 20-5. SMB System / 例題 20-5. 模擬移動床案例 / 960 20.4 Nonlinear Solute Movement Analysis / 非線性溶質(zhì)遷移分析 / 963 20.4.1 Diffuse Waves / 擴散波 / 963 Example 20-6. Diffuse Wave / 例題 20-6. 擴散波 / 964 20.4.2 Shock Waves / 沖擊波 / 966 Example 20-7. Self-sharpening Shock Wave / 例題 20-7. 自銳化沖擊波 / 968 20.5 Ion Exchange / 離子交換 / 970 20.5.1 Ion-Exchange Equilibrium / 離子交換平衡 / 972 20.5.2 Movement of Ions / 離子運動 / 974 Example 20-8. Ion Movement for Divalent-Monovalent Exchange / 例題 20-8. 二價-單價交換的離子運動 / 975 References / 參考文獻 / 978 Problems / 習(xí)題 / 980 第21章 Mass Transfer Analysis of Adsorption, Chromatography, and Ion Exchange 吸附、色譜和離子交換的傳質(zhì)分析 991 21.0 Summary—Objectives / 概要與教學(xué)目標(biāo) / 991 21.1 Mass and Energy Transfer in Packed Beds / 填充床的質(zhì)量和能量傳遞 / 991 21.1.1 Mass Transfer and Diffusion / 傳質(zhì)與擴散 / 992 21.1.2 Column Mass Balances / 床層質(zhì)量衡算 / 994 21.1.3 Lumped Parameter Mass Transfer / 集總傳質(zhì)參數(shù) / 994 21.1.4 Energy Balances and Heat Transfer / 能量衡算與傳熱 / 998 21.1.5 Derivation of Solute Movement Theory / 溶質(zhì)遷移理論的推導(dǎo) / 999 21.1.6 Detailed Simulators / 相關(guān)仿真軟件/ 1000 21.2 Mass Transfer Solutions for Linear Systems / 線性吸附下的傳質(zhì)解 / 1000 21.2.1 Lapidus and Amundson Solution for Local Equilibrium with Dispersion in Liquids / 拉皮德斯和阿蒙森關(guān)于液體局部擴散平衡的解 / 1000 21.2.2 Superposition in Linear Systems / 線性系統(tǒng)中的疊加 / 1002 Example 21-1. Lapidus and Amundson Solution for Elution / 例題 21-1. 洗脫過程的拉皮德斯和阿蒙森解 / 1003 21.2.3 Linear Chromatography / 線性色譜 / 1004 Example 21-2. Determination of Linear Isotherm Parameters, N, and Resolution for Linear Chromatography / 例題 21-2. 線性等溫線參數(shù)N的測定和線性色譜的分離度/ 1006 21.3 Nonlinear Systems / 非線性吸附體系 / 1008 21.3.1 Constant Pattern Analysis / 恒定模式分析 / 1008 Example 21-3. Development of Constant Pattern Solution / 例題 21-3. 恒定模式解的推導(dǎo) / 1010 Example 21-4. Constant Pattern Calculation / 例題 21-4. 恒定模式計算 / 1011 21.3.2 Length of Unused Bed Approach for Constant Patterns / 恒定模式下的未用床層高度 / 1013 21.3.3 Scaling LUB and Constant Pattern Systems / 恒定模式下未用床層高度的放大 / 1015 Example 21-5. Scaling LUB Approach with Pore Diffusion Control / 例題 21-5. 孔擴散控制的未用床層高度放大方法 / 1016 21.3.4 Data Mining Breakthrough Experiments / 數(shù)據(jù)挖掘穿透實驗 / 1018 21.3.5 Review of Proportional Pattern Options / 比例模式選項的回顧 / 1019 21.4 Checklist for Practical Design and Operation / 實用設(shè)計與運行檢查清單 / 1019 References / 參考文獻 / 1021 Problems / 習(xí)題 / 1022 Appendix. Aspen Chromatography Simulator / 附錄. Aspen 色譜模擬 / 1030 Lab AC1. Introduction to Aspen Chromatography / 實驗 AC1. Aspen 色譜介紹 / 1031 Lab AC2. Convergence for Linear Isotherms / 實驗 AC2. 線性等溫線的收斂 / 1035 Lab AC3. Convergence for Nonlinear Isotherms / 實驗 AC3. 非線性等溫線的收斂 / 1036 Lab AC4. Cycle Organizer / 實驗 AC4. 循環(huán)管理器 / 1038 Lab AC5. Flow Reversal/ 實驗 AC5. 回流 / 1041 Lab AC6. Ion Exchange / 實驗 AC6. 離子交換 / 1045 Lab AC7. SMB and TMB / 實驗 AC7. 模擬移動床和真實移動床 / 1048 Lab AC8. Thermal Systems / 實驗 AC8. 變溫體系 / 1051 Answers to Selected Problems 答案 1057
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