Contents目錄Preface序言1Introduction引言References參考文獻GeneralLiterature普通著作2TheChemicalIndustry化學工業(yè)2.1ABriefHistory簡史2.1.1InorganicChemicals無機化學品2.1.2OrganicChemicals有機化學品2.1.3TheOilEra石油時代2.1.4TheAgeofSustainability可持續(xù)發(fā)展時代2.2StructureoftheChemicalIndustry化學工業(yè)結構2.3RawMaterialsandEnergy原材料與能源2.3.1FossilFuelConsumptionandReserves化石燃料消耗和儲量2.3.2BiomassasanAlternativeforFossilFuels化石燃料的替代品--生物質2.3.3EnergyandtheChemicalIndustry能源與化學工業(yè)2.3.4CompositionofFossilFuelsandBiomass化石燃料和生物質組成2.4BaseChemicals基礎化學品GlobalTrendsintheChemicalIndustry化學工業(yè)全球趨勢Questions問題References參考文獻GeneralLiterature普通著作3ProcessesintheOilRefinery石油精煉工藝3.1TheOilRefinery?AnOverview石油精煉概述3.2PhysicalProcesses物理工藝3.2.1DesaltingandDehydration脫鹽和脫水3.2.2CrudeDistillation原油蒸餾3.2.3PropaneDeasphalting丙烷脫瀝青3.3ThermalProcesses熱處理工藝3.3.1Visbreaking減粘裂化3.3.2DelayedCoking延遲焦化3.3.3Flexicoking靈活焦化3.4CatalyticProcesses催化工藝3.4.1OctaneandCetaneNumbers辛烷和十六烷值3.4.2CatalyticCracking催化裂化3.4.3CatalyticReforming催化重整3.4.4Alkylation烷基化3.4.5Hydroprocessing加氫處理3.5CurrentandFutureTrendsinOilRefining石油精煉現(xiàn)狀和未來趨勢3.5.1StricterEnvironmentalRegulations更嚴格的環(huán)境法規(guī)3.5.2RefineryConfigurations煉油廠配置Questions問題References參考文獻4ProductionofLightAlkenes低碳烯烴生產(chǎn)4.1Introduction引言4.2CrackingReactions裂化反應4.2.1Thermodynamics熱力學4.2.2Mechanism原理4.2.3Kinetics動力學4.3TheIndustrialProcess工業(yè)化工業(yè)4.3.1InfluenceofFeedstockonSteamCrackerOperationandProducts蒸汽裂解操作原料影響因素和產(chǎn)品4.3.2CrackingFurnace裂解爐4.3.3HeatExchanger熱交換器4.3.4CokeFormation積碳4.4ProductProcessing產(chǎn)品加工4.5NovelDevelopments新進展4.5.1SelectiveDehydrogenationofLightAlkanes低碳烷烴選擇性脫氫4.5.2MetathesisofAlkenes烯烴置換作用4.5.3ProductionofLightAlkenesfromSynthesisGas合成氣生產(chǎn)低碳烯烴4.5.4DehydrationofBioethanol生物乙醇脫水4.5.5DirectConversionofMethane甲烷直接轉化Questions問題References參考文獻5ProductionofSynthesisGas合成氣生產(chǎn)5.1Introduction引言5.2SynthesisGasfromNaturalGas從天然氣到合成氣5.2.1ReactionsandThermodynamics反應和熱力學5.2.2SteamReformingProcess蒸汽重整工藝5.2.3AutothermalReformingProcess自熱重整工藝5.2.4NovelDevelopments新進展5.3CoalGasification煤氣化5.3.1GasificationReactions氣化反應5.3.2Thermodynamics熱力學5.3.3GasificationTechnologies氣化技術5.3.4RecentDevelopmentsinGasificationTechnology氣化技術的最近發(fā)展5.3.5ApplicationsofCoalGasification媒氣化應用5.3.6IntegratedGasificationCombinedCycle集成氣化聯(lián)合循環(huán)5.3.7WhyGasify,NotBurnforElectricityGeneration?為何氣化而不是燃燒發(fā)電？5.3.8CarbonCaptureandStorage(CCS)碳捕捉和儲存5.4CleaningandConditioningofSynthesisGas合成氣的清洗和調節(jié)5.4.1AcidGasRemoval酸性氣體去除5.4.2Water–GasShiftReaction水煤氣變換反應5.4.3Methanation甲烷化Questions問題References參考文獻6BulkChemicalsandSyntheticFuelsDerivedfromSynthesisGas從合成氣中提取的大宗化學品和合成燃料6.1Ammonia氨6.1.1BackgroundInformation背景資料6.1.2Thermodynamics熱力學6.1.3CommercialAmmoniaSynthesisReactors商業(yè)氨合成反應器6.1.4AmmoniaSynthesisLoop氨合成回路6.1.5IntegratedAmmoniaPlant集成氨工段6.1.6HydrogenRecovery氫氣回收6.1.7ProductionofUrea尿素生產(chǎn)6.2Methanol甲醇6.2.1BackgroundInformation背景資料6.2.2Reactions,Thermodynamics,andCatalysts反應、熱力學和催化劑6.2.3SynthesisGasforMethanolProduction甲醇生產(chǎn)合成氣6.2.4MethanolSynthesis甲醇合成6.2.5ProductionofFormaldehyde甲醛生產(chǎn)6.3SyntheticFuelsandFuelAdditives合成燃料和燃料添加劑6.3.1Fischer–TropschProcess費希爾特羅普希工藝6.3.2Methanol-to-Gasoline(MTG)Process甲醇轉化汽油工藝6.3.3RecentDevelopmentsintheProductionofSyntheticFuels合成燃料生產(chǎn)新進展6.3.4FuelAdditives?MethylTert-ButylEther燃料添加劑--甲基叔丁醚Questions問題References參考文獻7ProductionofPolymers?Polyethene聚合物生產(chǎn)--聚乙烯7.1Introduction引言7.2PolymerizationReactions聚合反應7.2.1StepgrowthPolymerization逐步聚合7.2.2ChaingrowthPolymerization?RadicalandCoordinationPathways鏈增長聚合—自由基和協(xié)調路徑7.3Polyethenes–BackgroundInformation聚乙烯—背景信息7.3.1CatalystDevelopment催化劑發(fā)展7.3.2ClassificationandProperties分類和性質7.3.3Applications應用7.4ProcessesfortheProductionofPolyethenes聚乙烯生產(chǎn)工藝7.4.1MonomerProductionandPurification單體生產(chǎn)和精制7.4.2Polymerization–Exothermicity聚合-放熱放熱反應7.4.3ProductionofPolyethenes聚乙烯生產(chǎn)Questions問題References參考文獻8ProductionofFineChemicals精細化學品生產(chǎn)8.1Introduction引言8.2RoleofCatalysis催化劑作用8.2.1AtomEconomy原子經(jīng)濟8.2.2AlternativeReagentsandCatalysts選擇性試劑和催化劑8.2.3NovelReactionRoutes新反應路線8.2.4Selectivity選擇性8.2.5Biocatalysis生物催化劑8.3Solvents溶劑8.3.1ConventionalSolvents傳統(tǒng)溶劑8.3.2AlternativeSolvents選擇性溶劑8.4ProductionPlants生產(chǎn)工段8.4.1MultiproductandMultipurposePlants(MMPs)多產(chǎn)品和多目的工段8.4.2DedicatedContinuousPlants專用連續(xù)工段8.5BatchReactorSelection間歇反應器選擇8.5.1ReactorsforLiquidandGas–LiquidSystems液相和氣液相系統(tǒng)反應器8.5.2ReactorsforGas–Liquid–SolidSystems氣液固系統(tǒng)選擇8.6BatchReactorScale-upEffects間歇反應器放大效應8.6.1TemperatureControl溫度控制8.6.2HeatTransfer熱傳遞8.6.3ExampleoftheScale-upofaBatchandSemi-BatchReactor間歇和半間歇反應器放大案例8.6.4SummaryoftheScale-upofBatchReactors間歇反應器概要8.7SafetyAspectsofFineChemicals精細化學品安全性8.7.1ThermalRisks熱危險8.7.2SafetyandProcessDevelopment安全和工藝進展Questions問題References參考文獻9ProcessIntensification工藝強化9.1Introduction引言9.1.1WhatisProcessIntensification何為工藝強化9.1.2HowtoIntensifyProcesses如何強化工藝9.2StructuredCatalyticReactors結構化的催化反應器9.2.1TypesofStructuredCatalystsandReactors結構化的催化反應器類型9.2.2Monoliths整體式9.2.3Microreactors微反應器9.3MultifunctionalReactorsReactiveSeparation多功能反應器反應分離9.3.1ReactiveDistillation反應精餾9.3.2CouplingReactionandMembraneSeparation耦合反應和膜分離9.3.3CouplingReactionandAdsorption耦合反應和吸附Questions問題References參考文獻10ProcessDevelopment工藝進展10.1DependenceofStrategyonProductTypeandRawMaterials產(chǎn)品類型和原材料戰(zhàn)略依賴10.2TheCourseofProcessDevelopment工藝發(fā)展過程10.3DevelopmentofIndividualSteps個別步驟發(fā)展10.3.1ExploratoryPhase探索階段10.3.2FromProcessConcepttoPreliminaryFlowSheet從工藝概念到初步流程圖10.3.3PilotPlantsMiniplants實驗工廠迷你工廠10.4Scale-up放大10.4.1ReactorswithaSingleFluidPhase單一流動相反應器10.4.2FixedBedCatalyticReactorswithOneorMoreFluidPhases單一或多流動相固定床催化反應器10.5SafetyandLossPrevention安全和損失預防10.5.1SafetyIssues安全問題10.5.2ReactivityHazards反應性危險10.5.3DesignApproachestoSafety安全設計路徑10.6ProcessEvaluation工藝評估10.6.1CapitalCostEstimation資本成本估算10.6.2OperatingCostsandEarnings運行成本和收入10.6.3ProfitabilityMeasures盈利措施10.7CurrentandFutureTrends當前和未來趨勢Questions問題References參考文獻GeneralLiterature普通著作Magazines雜志AppendixAChemicalIndustry?Figures附錄A化學工業(yè)—圖AppendixBMainSymbolsUsedinFlowSchemes附錄B流程圖中使用的符號Index索引